I know this is an old thread, but for anyone else...
This is done via the language override in the administrator/language/overrides directory. As of now, there doesn't seem to be a way in Joomla! 3.x to set the 'location' to 'administrator' via the back end language override function. It seems to be hardcoded to 'site'.
So just manually create a language file (e.g. 'en-GB.override.ini') in administrator/language/\overrides with the desired override. In this case:
K2_J16_DATE_FORMAT="m/d/Y"
worked for me.